Disease
Juvenile Arthritis
Overview of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis that affects children under the age of 16.
It is a chronic autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own joint tissues, causing inflammation, stiffness, pain and potential long-term joint damage.
Despite the word “idiopathic” meaning unknown cause, early diagnosis and modern therapies can help children lead active, healthy lives.
Types of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Oligoarticular JIA: Affects four or fewer joints, commonly knees, ankles, or wrists.
- Polyarticular JIA: Involves five or more joints; can resemble adult rheumatoid arthritis.
- Systemic JIA: Affects the whole body; includes fever, rash, and organ inflammation.
- Enthesitis-related JIA: Involves areas where tendons attach to bones, like hips or heels.
- Psoriatic JIA: Occurs with psoriasis, showing scaly skin and swollen fingers or toes.
- Undifferentiated JIA: Does not fit into any one category but still shows juvenile arthritis symptoms.
Symptoms of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Swollen, tender joints (especially in the morning)
- Stiffness after rest or naps
- Reduced joint mobility
- Limping without injury
- Fatigue and irritability
- Unexplained fever
- Rash associated with systemic JIA
- Growth problems in affected joints
Causes of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Exact cause remains idiopathic (unknown)
- Involves autoimmune dysfunction – the body’s immune system attacks joint tissue
- Possible genetic predisposition
- Environmental triggers may play a role (e.g., viral infections)
Complications in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Permanent joint damage or deformity
- Growth delays or uneven limb growth
- Eye inflammation (uveitis), especially with oligoarticular JIA
- Anemia and fatigue
- Osteoporosis from long-term steroid use
- Psychological stress or low self-esteem
Risk Factors of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Family history of autoimmune diseases
- Female children are more likely affected, especially with oligoarticular JIA
- Certain genes (HLA markers) may increase susceptibility
- Environmental factors may trigger immune responses in genetically prone children
Preventions of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- No known way to prevent JIA since the cause is not fully understood
- Early detection and treatment can prevent joint damage and complications
- Regular check-ups and eye exams to catch related issues early
- Healthy lifestyle choices can support immune function and reduce flare-ups
Diagnosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Physical examination and medical history review
- Blood tests to detect inflammation markers (ESR, CRP) and autoantibodies (ANA, RF)
- Imaging tests (X-rays, MRI, ultrasound) to assess joint condition
- Eye screening to detect silent uveitis
- Diagnosis confirmed after symptoms persist for more than 6 weeks and other causes are ruled out
Treatments of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) to relieve pain and swelling
- DMARDs (Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs), like methotrexate, to slow disease progression
- Biologic agents (e.g., TNF inhibitors) for more severe cases
- Corticosteroids for flare-ups, either orally or via joint injection
- Physical therapy to maintain joint flexibility and strength
- Regular eye exams and specific treatments for eye complications
- Emotional support and counseling for coping with chronic illness
Prognosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Many children experience remission with proper treatment
- Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment improve long-term outcomes
- Regular monitoring is crucial to manage flares and prevent joint damage
- Lifelong follow-up may be needed in some cases
Care at MyhealthMydoctor
- Multidisciplinary approach combining rheumatologists, pediatricians, physiotherapists and psychologists.
- Personalised treatment plans tailored to each child’s symptoms and type of JIA.
- Regular follow-ups to monitor treatment progress and adjust as needed.
- Support for parents and caregivers with guidance and education.
- Help with medical travel, specialist referrals, and second opinions from top pediatric rheumatologists.
Some Important Questions Patients Should Ask Their Doctor During a Consultation
- Why did my child develop JIA? Is it genetic?
- What type of JIA does my child have?
- How can I tell if a flare-up is starting?
- What are the long-term effects of this disease?
- Will my child need lifelong treatment?
- Are the medications safe? What are the side effects?
What Patients Expect from Doctors During Consultation?
- Clear explanation of the diagnosis and its implications
- A detailed treatment plan with goals and timeline
- Guidance on physical activities and daily care
- Transparency about side effects and long-term management
- Emotional support and assurance for both child and parents
- Access to ongoing support and advice between visits