Disease

Anemia

Overview

Anemia occurs when the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to its tissues. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can lead to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

Types of Anemia

There are different types of anemia, each with its own cause. It can be temporary or long-lasting, ranging from mild to severe, and sometimes signals a more serious health condition. Below are the types of anemia:

• Aplastic anemia
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
• Thalassemia
• Vitamin deficiency anemia

What are the symptoms of anemia?

The symptoms of anemia vary depending on its cause and severity. In some cases, anemia may be so mild initially that it produces no noticeable symptoms. However, as the condition worsens, symptoms typically begin to emerge and intensify.

If anemia is caused by another underlying disease, the symptoms may be masked by the primary condition. In such cases, anemia is often discovered during tests for the underlying disease.

Possible symptoms of anemia include:

• Tiredness
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Pale or yellowish skin, which might be more obvious on white skin than on Black or brown skin
• Irregular heartbeat
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Chest pain
• Cold hands and feet
• Headaches

Causes of anemia

The causes of anemia vary depending on the type. These include:

• Iron deficiency anemia: Occurs when the body has too little iron, making it the most common form of anemia. The bone marrow requires iron to produce hemoglobin. Without sufficient iron, the body is unable to produce enough hemoglobin for red blood cells. This type of anemia can develop during pregnancy if iron supplements are not taken. Blood loss is another common cause, which may result from heavy menstrual periods, ulcers, cancer, or frequent use of certain pain relievers, particularly aspirin.
• Vitamin deficiency anemia: Besides iron, the body needs folate and vitamin B-12 to make enough healthy red blood cells. A diet that doesn’t have enough of these and other key nutrients can result in the body not making enough red blood cells. Also, some people can’t absorb vitamin B-12. This can lead to vitamin deficiency anemia, also called pernicious anemia.
• Anemia of inflammation: Diseases that cause chronic inflammation can interfere with the body’s ability to produce sufficient red blood cells. Examples of such conditions include cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, and Crohn’s disease.
• Aplastic anemia: This rare and potentially life-threatening form of anemia occurs when the body fails to produce enough new blood cells. Aplastic anemia can be caused by infections, certain medications, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to toxic chemicals.
• Anemias linked to bone marrow disease: Conditions like leukemia and myelofibrosis can disrupt the bone marrow’s ability to produce blood cells. The severity of these diseases can vary, ranging from mild to life-threatening.
• Hemolytic anemias: This group of anemias occurs when red blood cells are destroyed more quickly than the bone marrow can produce them. Certain blood disorders accelerate the rate of red blood cell destruction. Some forms of hemolytic anemia are hereditary, meaning they are passed down through families.
• Sickle cell anemia: This hereditary condition, which can sometimes be serious, is a type of hemolytic anemia. Abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to take on a crescent, or sickle, shape. These misshapen cells die prematurely, leading to a persistent shortage of red blood cells.

Complications

If not treated, anemia can cause many health problems, such as:

• Severe tiredness: Severe anemia can make it impossible to do everyday tasks.
• Pregnancy complications: Pregnant people with folate deficiency anemia may be more likely to have complications, such as premature birth.
• Heart Issues: Anemia can cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat, known as arrhythmia. When anemia occurs, the heart has to work harder to pump more blood to compensate for the reduced oxygen levels. Over time, this can result in an enlarged heart or even heart failure.
• Death: Certain inherited anemias, like sickle cell anemia, can result in life-threatening complications. Rapid blood loss can lead to severe anemia, which may be fatal.

Risk factors

• Diet that doesn’t have enough of certain vitamins and minerals: Not getting enough iron, vitamin B-12, and folate increases the risk of anemia.
• Problems with the small intestine: Conditions that impair the small intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients can increase the risk of anemia. Examples include Crohn’s disease and celiac disease.
• Menstrual periods: In general, having heavy periods can create a risk of anemia. Having periods causes the loss of red blood cells.
• Pregnancy: Pregnant individuals who do not take a multivitamin containing folic acid and iron are at a higher risk of developing anemia.
• Chronic conditions: Having cancer, kidney failure, diabetes, or other chronic conditions raises the risk of anemia of chronic disease, as these illnesses can result in a reduced number of red blood cells.
• Family history: If someone in your family has a type of anemia that runs in families, like sickle cell anemia, your risk of having inherited anemia may be higher.
• Other factors: A history of specific infections, blood disorders, and autoimmune conditions can raise the risk of anemia. Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to toxic chemicals, and the use of certain medications can impact the production of red blood cells and contribute to anemia.

Prevention

While many types of anemia cannot be prevented, maintaining a healthy diet may help prevent iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias. A nutritious diet includes:

• Iron: Foods high in iron include beef and other meats, beans, lentils, iron-fortified cereals, dark green leafy vegetables, and dried fruits.
• Folate: This nutrient, along with its synthetic form, folic acid, can be found in fruits and fruit juices, dark green leafy vegetables, green peas, kidney beans, peanuts, and enriched grain products like bread, cereals, pasta, and rice.
• Vitamin B-12: Rich sources of vitamin B-12 include meat, dairy products, and fortified cereals and soy products.
• Vitamin C: Foods abundant in vitamin C include citrus fruits and juices, peppers, broccoli, tomatoes, melons, and strawberries, which also aid in iron absorption.

If you are worried about getting enough vitamins and minerals from your diet, consider discussing the option of taking a multivitamin with your healthcare provider.