Disease

Brain Tumors

Overview about Brain Tumor

A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the brain or its surrounding tissues. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous), different in size, location and effects. Brain tumors can disrupt normal brain function by pressing on or gaining surrounding tissue, causing a variety of symptoms depending on the location of the cancer. They can affect people of any age and require specialised treatment.

Types Of Brain Tumor

• Primary Brain Tumors: These tumors begin right in the brain. For example, meningioma and glioma are common primary brain tumors.
• Secondary Brain Tumors: Also known as metastatic brain tumors, these occur when cancer cells from other parts of the body spread to the brain. They are typically malignant and more complex to treat.
• Gliomas: Gliomas are tumors formed from glial cells, which are responsible for supporting the nerve cells in the brain. While some gliomas are benign, most are malignant and require specialized treatment.
• Choroid Plexus Tumors: These tumors develop in the choroid plexus, which produces cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord. They can either be benign or malignant, depending on the individual case.
• Embryonal Tumors: These tumors arise from cells that are leftover from fetal development. Mostly found in babies and young children, embryonal tumors are often malignant and can be aggressive.
• Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumors: These rare tumors, mainly affecting children and teens, grow in the brain and spinal cord. They are typically linked to seizures and require careful management.
• Hemangioblastoma: Benign tumors that develop in the blood vessels of the brain, hemangioblastomas are usually non-cancerous but still require attention due to their location and potential impact on brain function.

Brain tumors are categorised based on where they form and the type of cells involved. Some are benign (non-cancerous), while others are malignant (cancerous). In some cases, there is a 50/50 chance of a tumor being cancerous, so it is important to get a thorough diagnosis and treatment plan from healthcare professionals.

Symptoms of Brain Tumor

Brain tumor symptoms can vary and often resemble other health issues. Common signs include persistent headaches (especially in the morning), nausea, vision or hearing problems, and trouble with balance. As the tumor grows, it may cause more specific symptoms like difficulty speaking, weakness on one side of the body, or changes in mood and behavior. If you notice any of these, it is important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation.

• Memory: Memory problems are common with brain tumors, often starting as short-term memory loss, trouble remembering names or recent events, and confusion. This occurs when the tumor puts pressure on the brain’s memory centers, making everyday tasks harder. As the tumor grows, these issues may worsen. If you notice memory difficulties, it’s important to seek medical attention.
• Thinking and Reasoning: Brain tumors can impact thinking and reasoning, leading to difficulty concentrating, following conversations, or thinking logically. People may also struggle with problem-solving or making decisions. If these issues arise, it’s important to seek medical evaluation, as they could signal changes in brain function.
• Making Judgments and Decisions: Tumors in the frontal lobe, responsible for judgment and decision-making, can lead to poor decision-making, impulsive behavior, or difficulty weighing options. If unusual choices or poor judgment occur, it may be a sign of a growing tumor and should be evaluated by a doctor.
• Planning and Performing Familiar Tasks: Brain tumors can make everyday tasks, like dressing, cooking, or driving, confusing or difficult. A decline in motor skills or trouble planning can signal a deeper issue. If familiar activities become challenging, it’s important to consult a doctor for evaluation.
• Changes in Personality and Behavior: Brain tumors can lead to noticeable changes in personality and behavior, such as mood swings, irritability, depression, or apathy. These subtle shifts may become more apparent over time, impacting relationships and daily life. If you notice these changes, it’s important to seek medical advice.
• Preserved Skills: In some cases, long-practiced skills like playing an instrument or typing may remain unaffected by a brain tumor. These abilities are deeply ingrained in the brain and often stay intact until the tumor reaches a more advanced stage.

When to See a Doctor?
If you or someone you know experiences warning signs of a brain tumor; like persistent headaches, nausea, vision or speech changes, or coordination issues; it is important to see a doctor. Early detection can improve treatment outcomes, so stay alert to any unusual or sudden symptoms.

Causes of Brain Tumor

The exact causes of brain tumors are still not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to the risk. These include:

• Genetic change
• Family history
• Exposure to radiation
• Environmental factors

Some studies suggest that certain genetic conditions may increase the risk of developing brain tumors. However, in many cases, there is no known cause, and tumor development may seem random.

Complications

Brain tumors can cause serious complications, such as:

• Neurological deficiency
• Seizures
• Increased risk of stroke

Depending on the size and location, the tumor can obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, increasing pressure in the skull. This condition, known as hydrocephalus, can be life-threatening if not treated on time. Brain tumor surgery may be needed to relieve the pressure and remove the tumor, but complications can arise during or after surgery.

Risk Factors for Brain Tumors

• Age: Brain tumors can affect people of all ages, but certain types are more common in children or older adults.
• Family History: If someone in your family has had a brain tumor, you may have a higher risk of developing one.
• Genetic Conditions: Some inherited conditions, like neurofibromatosis, can increase the risk of brain tumors.
• Gender: Certain brain tumors are more common in men, while others are more common in women.
• Radiation Exposure: Previous exposure to radiation, especially to the head, can raise the risk of developing a brain tumor.
• Weakened Immune System: People with a weakened immune system, due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or certain medications, may be at a higher risk.

While these factors can increase the risk, most brain tumors occur without a clear cause. Staying informed and monitoring your health is always a good idea.

Prevention

• There are no sure ways to prevent brain tumors, but certain lifestyle choices can help reduce your risk. Maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and protecting your head from injuries are steps you can take.
• Although you can not control factors such as genetics or age, reducing exposure to radiation and dangerous chemicals can also help.
• Regular checkups and paying attention to brain tumor symptoms can help catch potential problems early.