Disease

Heart Disease

Overview of Heart Disease

Heart disease is also known as cardiovascular disease (CVD), it refers to a range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. It includes coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart disease and valvular heart disease among others. Heart disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide and often results from atherosclerotic heart disease or other underlying health issues.

Types of Heart Disease

Heart disease encompasses various conditions, such as:

• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): Blockage in coronary arteries leading to reduced blood flow.
• Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): Occurs due to restricted blood supply to the heart muscle.
• Congestive Heart Disease: A progressive condition where the heart fails to pump blood effectively.
• Hypertensive Heart Disease: Caused by prolonged high blood pressure affecting the heart.
• Rheumatic Heart Disease: Resulting from rheumatic fever affecting heart valves.
• Heart Valve Disease: Conditions affecting the function of heart valves.
• Congenital Heart Disease: Structural heart defects present at birth.
• Amyloid Heart Disease: Caused by amyloid protein buildup in heart tissues.
• Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV) Heart Disease: A congenital condition affecting the aortic valve.

Symptoms of Heart Disease

Symptoms vary based on the type of heart disease but may include:

• Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue and weakness
• Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
• Swelling in legs, ankles and feet
• Dizziness or fainting
• Pain radiating to the arm, jaw or neck

Causes of Heart Disease

Heart disease may develop due to:

• Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries)
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• High cholesterol levels
• Diabetes and obesity
• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
• Family history of heart conditions
• Sedentary lifestyle and poor diet

Complications in Heart Disease

• Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Blocked arteries can lead to a life threatening heart attack.
• Heart Failure: When the heart struggles to pump blood, it can cause fatigue, swelling and breathlessness.
• Stroke: Poor blood flow or clots can affect the brain which leads to paralysis or speech issues.
• Irregular Heartbeat (Arrhythmia): Unstable heart rhythms can be dangerous and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest: A severe electrical disturbance in the heart that can be fatal if not treated immediately.
• High Blood Pressure Complications: Uncontrolled hypertension can damage the heart, brain and kidneys.
• Kidney Damage: Weak circulation affects kidney function which leads to chronic kidney disease.
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Blocked arteries in the legs cause pain, numbness and even tissue damage.
• Aneurysm: A weakened artery wall can bulge and rupture, leading to life threatening bleeding.
• Cognitive Decline & Dementia: Poor circulation affects brain function and increases the risk of memory loss.
• Depression and Anxiety: Heart disease can impact mental health which leads to emotional distress.

Risk Factors for Heart Disease

• High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Puts extra strain on the heart and arteries.
• High Cholesterol: This leads to plaque buildup, blocking blood flow to the heart.
• Smoking: Damages blood vessels, increases blood pressure, and raises heart disease risk.
• Diabetes: High blood sugar weakens blood vessels and heart function.
• Obesity and Unhealthy Diet: Excess weight and junk food lead to high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
• Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle weakens the heart and circulation.
• Chronic Stress: Long term stress increases blood pressure and heart strain.
• Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Damages heart muscles and raises blood pressure.
• Age Factor: Risk increases with age, but prevention can slow it down.
• Family History: A genetic link can increase your chances but lifestyle changes can reduce the risk.

Prevention of Heart Disease

To reduce the risk of heart disease:

• Maintain a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Engage in regular physical activity at least 30 minutes daily.
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
• Control blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Manage stress effectively.