Disease
Meningitis
Overview of Meningitis
Meningitis is a serious medical condition that involves inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation is usually triggered by an infection and it can be viral, bacterial or fungal in origin. While some forms are mild and resolve without intervention, others can progress rapidly and become life-threatening if not treated promptly. Understanding the signs, causes and treatments can save lives and reduce long-term complications.
Types of Meningitis
- Bacterial Meningitis: The most severe form, often caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae.
- Viral Meningitis: More common and typically less severe; caused by enteroviruses, herpes viruses and others.
- Fungal Meningitis: Rare but serious, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Often caused by Cryptococcus species.
- Parasitic and Amoebic Meningitis: Extremely rare and often deadly; caused by parasites or free-living amoebas.
- Non-infectious Meningitis: Resulting from cancer, medications or autoimmune diseases.
Symptoms of Meningitis
- High fever and severe headache
- Stiff neck and sensitivity to light
- Nausea, vomiting and confusion
- Seizures or difficulty concentrating
- Drowsiness, sleepiness or difficulty waking
- Skin rash (especially with meningococcal meningitis)
- Cold hands and feet, limb pain in children
- Bulging fontanelle or irritability in infants
Causes of Meningitis
- Bacterial infections like Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Viral infections, especially enteroviruses
- Fungal spores inhaled by immunocompromised individuals
- Parasitic infestations or rare amoebas from warm freshwater
- Autoimmune responses or reactions to certain drugs
Complications in Meningitis
- Brain swelling and increased intracranial pressure
- Seizures or epilepsy
- Hearing loss or vision damage
- Learning difficulties or memory loss
- Limb amputations (in severe meningococcal cases)
- Death if not treated early
Risk Factors of Meningitis
- Age (infants and young children at higher risk)
- Crowded environments, for example college dorms, military barracks
- Weakened immune system
- Skipping vaccinations
- Traveling to areas with meningitis outbreaks
- Skull trauma or recent brain surgery
Preventions of Meningitis
- Vaccination: Meningococcal vaccine (MCV, MenB/Trumenba), Hib and pneumococcal vaccines are crucial.
- Hygiene practices: Regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.
- Boiling or filtering water: Especially in regions with parasitic meningitis risks.
- Prompt treatment of infections: Managing ear, sinus and respiratory infections early.
Diagnosis of Meningitis
- Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to test cerebrospinal fluid.
- Blood tests to detect bacteria or inflammation.
- CT or MRI scans for brain swelling or complications.
- PCR tests to identify viral DNA.
- Physical examination including neck stiffness and photophobia tests.
Treatments of Meningitis
- Bacterial Meningitis: Immediate IV antibiotics and corticosteroids
- Viral Meningitis: Supportive care, rest, and fluids; antivirals if caused by herpes virus
- Fungal Meningitis: Long-term antifungal medications
- Hospitalisation: Required in severe cases for monitoring and supportive treatment
- Pain relief: For headaches and body aches
Prognosis of Meningitis
- Early detection = better outcome
- Bacterial meningitis can be fatal within hours if untreated
- Many recover completely, but some may have long-term effects
- Vaccinated individuals generally have lower risk and better recovery
- Viral forms often resolve with minimal complications
Care at MyhealthMydoctor
- Personalised diagnostic approach and CSF testing
- Quick access to infectious disease specialists
- Coordinated care for urgent hospitalization and treatment
- Post-recovery monitoring for neurological or hearing issues
- Full vaccination guidance and family support plans
Some Important Questions Patients Should Ask Their Doctor During a Consultation
- What type of meningitis do I have?
- Is my condition contagious?
- How long will treatment last?
- What complications should I watch for?
- Will I need long-term follow-up or rehabilitation?
- Can I prevent meningitis in my family?
- Are vaccines safe and effective for my children?
What Patients Expect from Doctors During Consultation?
- Clear explanation of your type of meningitis
- Immediate plan for treatment and hospital stay (if needed)
- Updates on test results and next steps
- Honest discussion of risks, prognosis, and possible complications
- Supportive counseling and family involvement
- Guidance on when to return for follow-up
- Clear vaccination and prevention advice for the future