Disease

Psoriasis

Overview of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a long-term, chronic autoimmune skin condition that causes skin cells to multiply rapidly, resulting in thick, scaly, red patches that are often itchy or painful. It commonly affects the scalp, elbows, knees, back and even fingernails or toenails. Psoriasis is not contagious but can significantly impact quality of life due to its visible symptoms and discomfort. While there is no permanent cure, effective treatments can help manage the condition and reduce flare-ups.

Types of Psoriasis

• Plaque Psoriasis: Most common type; thick, raised, red patches covered with silvery-white scales.
• Scalp Psoriasis: Affects the scalp with flaky, crusty skin that resembles dandruff but is more persistent and inflamed.
• Guttate Psoriasis: Appears as small, dot-like lesions; often triggered by infections like strep throat.
• Inverse Psoriasis: Smooth, red patches found in skin folds such as underarms, groin, or under the breasts.
• Genital Psoriasis: Affects the skin of the genital area and may cause itching, discomfort, or pain.
• Nail Psoriasis: Causes pitting, thickening, or discoloration of fingernails or toenails; nails may also separate from the nail bed.
• Pustular Psoriasis: Characterised by white pustules surrounded by red skin; may be localized or widespread.
• Erythrodermic Psoriasis: A rare but severe form causing widespread redness, itching, and shedding of skin in sheets.

Symptoms of Psoriasis

• Red patches of skin with thick, silvery-white scales
• Dry, cracked skin that may bleed
• Itching, burning, or soreness around affected areas
• Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails (nail psoriasis)
• Painful, swollen joints (in psoriatic arthritis)
• Flaky skin on the scalp resembling dandruff
• Skin rash that may worsen during cold weather or due to stress
• Discoloration or detachment of fingernails and toenails

Causes of Psoriasis

• Overactive immune response causing rapid skin cell turnover
• Genetic predisposition (runs in families)
• Infections, such as strep throat, triggering flare-ups
• Skin injury or trauma (Koebner phenomenon)
• Certain medications like beta-blockers or antimalarials
• Stress, which can trigger or worsen symptoms
• Environmental factors like cold, dry weather
• Hormonal changes or smoking

Complications in Psoriasis

• Development of psoriatic arthritis, leading to joint pain and stiffness
• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
• Emotional issues such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and depression
• Nail damage causing loss of nail function or separation from nail bed
• Potential liver issues from long-term medication use
• Sleep disturbances due to intense itching and discomfort
• Higher likelihood of metabolic syndrome and obesity
• Side effects from prolonged use of steroid creams or systemic therapies

Risk Factors of Psoriasis

• Family history of psoriasis or autoimmune diseases
• Being aged between 15 to 35 years when symptoms first appear
• Experiencing frequent infections, especially strep throat
• Chronic stress or anxiety
• Obesity, which increases inflammation and skin friction
• Regular alcohol or tobacco use
• Use of certain medications like lithium or beta-blockers
• Living in cold, dry climates

Preventions of Psoriasis

• Maintain healthy skin hydration with moisturizers
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques or therapy
• Avoid skin injuries, including scratches, cuts, or sunburn
• Identify and avoid triggers such as allergens or certain foods
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake
• Keep a healthy weight through balanced diet and exercise
• Use mild soaps and skincare products to avoid irritation
• Treat infections promptly to prevent flare-ups